@article {1587825,
	title = {Strain-Induced Alignment in Collagen Gels},
	journal = {PLOS One},
	volume = {4},
	number = {6},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {e5902},
	abstract = {
	Collagen is the most abundant extracellular-network-forming protein in animal biology and is important in both natural and artificial tissues, where it serves as a material of great mechanical versatility. This versatility arises from its almost unique ability to remodel under applied loads into anisotropic and inhomogeneous structures. To explore the origins of this property, we develop a set of analysis tools and a novel experimental setup that probes the mechanical response of fibrous networks in a geometry that mimics a typical deformation profile imposed by cells\&nbsp;in vivo. We observe strong fiber alignment and densification as a function of applied strain for both uncrosslinked and crosslinked collagenous networks. This alignment is found to be irreversibly imprinted in uncrosslinked collagen networks, suggesting a simple mechanism for tissue organization at the microscale. However, crosslinked networks display similar fiber alignment and the same geometrical properties as uncrosslinked gels, but with full reversibility. Plasticity is therefore not required to align fibers. On the contrary, our data show that this effect is part of the fundamental non-linear properties of fibrous biological networks.

},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0005902},
	author = {Vader, David and Kabla, Alexandre and Weitz, DavidA. and Mahadevan, Lakshminarayana}
}
@inbook {1587824,
	title = {Imaging Techniques for Measuring the Materials Properties of Cells},
	booktitle = {Live Cell Imaging: A Laboratory Manual},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {CSHL Press},
	organization = {CSHL Press},
	edition = {2nd Edition},
	abstract = {
	The {\textquotedblleft}materials properties{\textquotedblright} of a biological material include its composition and microscopic structure and the relationship between its structure and its mechanical properties. For living cells, the motor-driven internal motion also significantly impacts the properties, even independently of any remodeling of the cell structure that can occur. These materials properties dictate the passive mechanical response of the material to an applied force. The mechanical properties of cells and tissues are essential for their function and health and affect how cells actively respond to mechanical force in important biological processes, ranging from motility to differentiation and morphogenesis. The mechanical properties of bulk tissues can be determined by traditional rheological techniques that measure the force required to stretch, compress, or shear macroscopic tissue. However, individual cells are too small to be measured by such methods and have highly heterogeneous structures; thus techniques are required that can probe soft materials at the micrometer scale. A variety of microrheological techniques, developed to determine the materials properties of cells, reveal that living cells have materials properties that are quite unusual compared with common inert materials. Cells are active, nonequilibrium materials with a highly nonlinear elasticity. This article presents a subset of microrheological techniques that involve optical imaging of micrometer-sized probes on or within individual cells, describes how to analyze probe motions, and discusses limitations of the techniques.




},
	url = {http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2011/4/pdb.top107},
	author = {Kasza, Karen E. and Vader, David and Koester, Sarah and Wang, Ning and Weitz, DavidA.}
}
@inbook {1587823,
	title = {Functionalized glass coating for PDMS microfluidic devices},
	booktitle = {Lab-on-a-Chip Technology (Vol. 1): Fabrication and Microfluidics},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {Caister Academic Press},
	organization = {Caister Academic Press},
	abstract = {
	Microfluidic devices can perform multiple laboratory functions on a single, compact, and fully integrated chip. However, fabrication of microfluidic devices is difficult, and current methods, such as glass-etching or soft-lithography in PDMS, are either expensive or yield devices with poor chemical robustness. We introduce a simple method that combines the simple fabrication of PDMS with superior robustness and control of glass. We coat PDMS channels with a functionalized glass layer. The glass coating greatly increases the chemical robustness of the PDMS devices. As a demonstration, we produce emulsions in coated channels using organic solvents. The glass coating also enables surface properties to be spatially controlled. As a demonstration of this control, we spatially pattern the wettability of coated PDMS channels and use the devices to produce double emulsions with fluorocarbon oil.

},
	url = {https://www.caister.com/loc1},
	author = {Abate, Adam R. and Lee, Daeyeon and Holtze, Christian and Krummel, Amber and Do, Thao and Weitz, DavidA.}
}
@article {1587822,
	title = {Flocculation kinetics of precipitated calcium carbonate},
	journal = {Colloids and Surfaces},
	volume = {340},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {56-65},
	abstract = {
	When the percentage of filler in paper is increased, the optical properties are improved and the production cost lowered. However, fillers weaken paper strength by decreasing the fibre{\textendash}fibre bonded area. Little is known about the optimum filler floc size or filler floc properties to allow developing optimum paper characteristics. Consequently, the kinetics of aggregation of scalenohedral precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) filler was studied using various polymers (flocculants, coagulants and dry strength agents). The sodium salt of partially hydrolysed polyvinyl formamide copolymerized with acrylic acid (PVFA/NaAA) or C-starch lead to floc sizes, less sensitive to dosage within a certain range. Results from stability ratios correlate with PCC particle size. The change in particle size measured by photometric dispersion analysis (PDA) correlates well with the change in PCC particle size measured by light scattering/diffraction. Kinetic calculations show the orthokinetic aggregation times to be consistent with the experimental PDA results. The main uncertainty in the orthokinetic times is estimating the effective shear rate. It is proposed that the bridging surface area of PCC particles, the area which can form bonds between PCC particles or aggregates, should be used to study the kinetics of PCC aggregation, and not the total or projected surface area. In polymer induced aggregation, the PCC particle size increases to a plateau value with increasing polymer dosage. Two regions are most pronounced for C-PAM, PVFA/NaAA and A-starch. Region I corresponds to bridging flocculation. Region II is where the particle size reaches a plateau, and not the expected maximum predicted by classical polymer bridging theory or charge neutralisation theory, likely because of a competition between particle aggregation and polymer adsorption.




},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0927775709001174},
	author = {Gaudreault, Roger and Di Cesare, Nicolas and Weitz, DavidA. and van de Ven, Theo G. M.}
}
@inbook {1587821,
	title = {Droplet-Based Microfluidics for Emulsion and Solvent Evaporation Synthesis of Monodisperse Mesoporous Silica Microspheres},
	booktitle = {Structure and Functional Properties of Colloidal Systems},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis Group},
	organization = {Taylor \& Francis Group},
	edition = {1st},
	abstract = {
	\&nbsp;



	The miniaturization of chemical ow and analysis systems has opened up exciting avenues of scien ti c and engineering possibilities. Channels with widths in the tens of micrometer range are referred to as micro uidic devices. Fluidic behavior at the microscale may differ from that at larger scales in that interfacial tension, viscous effects, and energy dissipation can dominate the system. Micro uidics has received much attention in the scienti c community and many excellent reviews have been published [1,2]. A key advantage of micro uidics is the ability to perform experiments and bioassays using miniscule quantities of solution. This provides an economic bene t and is important for certain biosensing applications, experiments requiring single-molecule interrogation (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing [3,4]), or diffusion-limited regimes. Another benefit is that rapid measurements of these minute quantities can be performed with miniaturized analytical systems [5-7]. In some applications slow or minimal mixing is required, and the laminar ows obtained in microchannels become highly desirable. Water-in-oil emulsions can be formed in micro uidic devices to form a steady stream of monodisperse aqueous droplets with volumes as small as picoliters [8]. The drops can be loaded with reactants to perform chemical reactions of interest [9].



	\&nbsp;

},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420084474-26/droplet-based-micro-uidics-picoliter-sized-reactors-mesoporous-microparticle-synthesis-roque-hidalgo-alvarez?context=ubx\&refId=b1fbe654-4b06-41d2-979f-698486ff287b},
	author = {Carroll, Nick and Mendez, Sergio and Edwards, Jeremy and Weitz, DavidA. and Petsev, Dimiter, N.}
}
@article {156471,
	title = {Universal behavior of the osmotically compressed cell and its analogy to the colloidal glass transition},
	journal = {PNAS},
	volume = {106},
	number = {26},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {10632-10637},
	abstract = {Mechanical robustness of the cell under different modes of stress and deformation is essential to its survival and function. Under tension, mechanical rigidity is provided by the cytoskeletal network; with increasing stress, this network stiffens, providing increased resistance to deformation. However, a cell must also resist compression, which will inevitably occur whenever cell volume is decreased during such biologically important processes as anhydrobiosis and apoptosis. Under compression, individual filaments can buckle, thereby reducing the stiffness and weakening the cytoskeletal network. However, the intracellular space is crowded with macromolecules and organelles that can resist compression. A simple picture describing their behavior is that of colloidal particles; colloids exhibit a sharp increase in viscosity with increasing volume fraction, ultimately undergoing a glass transition and becoming a solid. We investigate the consequences of these 2 competing effects and show that as a cell is compressed by hyperosmotic stress it becomes progressively more rigid. Although this stiffening behavior depends somewhat on cell type, starting conditions, molecular motors, and cytoskeletal contributions, its dependence on solid volume fraction is exponential in every instance. This universal behavior suggests that compression-induced weakening of the network is overwhelmed by crowding-induced stiffening of the cytoplasm. We also show that compression dramatically slows intracellular relaxation processes. The increase in stiffness, combined with the slowing of relaxation processes, is reminiscent of a glass transition of colloidal suspensions, but only when comprised of deformable particles. Our work provides a means to probe the physical nature of the cytoplasm under compression, and leads to results that are universal across cell type.},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/106/26/10632},
	author = {Zhou, E. H. and Trepat, X. and Park, C. Y. and Lenormand, G. and Oliver, M. N. and Mijailovich, S.M. and Hardin, C. and Weitz, D. A. and Butler, J. P. and Fredberg, J. J.}
}
@article {156166,
	title = {Unjamming a Polymer Glass},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {323},
	number = {5911},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {214-215},
	abstract = {
	Small probes reveal that glass can melt in different ways.

},
	url = {https://science.sciencemag.org/content/323/5911/214},
	author = {Weitz, David A}
}
@article {156091,
	title = {Fabrication of monodisperse toroidal particles by polymer solidification in microfluidics},
	journal = {Chemphyschem},
	volume = {10},
	number = {4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {641-645},
	abstract = {
	Microdoughnuts:\&nbsp;Polymer toroidal particles such as the one shown in the left picture have been prepared by a capillary microfluidic technique. Droplets of polymer solution undergo non-uniform solidification to form the anisotropic polymer particles. By incorporating functional materials inside the polymer network, functional toroidal particles (center and right images) can be tailor-made for specific applications such as magnetic actuation.

},
	url = {https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cphc.200800786},
	author = {Wang, Baoguo and Shum, Ho Cheung and Weitz, David A}
}
@article {156086,
	title = {Swelling kinetics of a microgel shell},
	journal = {Macromolecules},
	volume = {42},
	number = {23},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {9357-9365},
	abstract = {Tanaka{\textquoteright}s approach to swelling kinetics of a solid gel sphere is extended to a spherical microgel shell. The boundary condition at the inner surface is obtained from the minimization of shear elastic energy. Temporal evolution of a shell is represented in a form of expansion over eigenfunctions of the corresponding diffusion equation. The swelling of Tanaka{\textquoteright}s solid spherical gel is recovered as a special case of our general Solution if the inner radius approaches zero. In another limiting case of it thin (balloon-like) shell, the set of eigenfunctions is reduced to a single exponential term. In the general case, a solid sphere swells slightly faster than the same sphere with in internal cavity. To test Our theoretical model, we prepared monodisperse poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) hydrogel shells using a microfluidic device. The temporal dependence of the inner and outer radii of the shell were measured, and the data were fitted to our theoretical model. As a result, we obtained the collective diffusion constants for shrinking and for swelling processes. The obtained values for microgel shells are in excellent agreement with the previous results obtained for submillimeter PNIPAM solid spheres in the same temperature interval. Our model shows that the characteristic swelling time of a gel shell should be proportional to the square of the outer radius not to the thickness of the shell, agreeing with experimental observation.},
	url = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma901362p},
	author = {Wahrmund, Joshua and Kim, Jin-Woong and Chu, Liang-Yin and Wang, Changjie and Li, Yong and Fernandez-Nieves, Alberto and Weitz, David A and Krokhin, Arkadii and Hu, Zhibing}
}
@article {155976,
	title = {Physical forces during collective cell migration},
	journal = {Nature Physics},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {426-430},
	abstract = {Fundamental biological processes including morphogenesis, tissue repair and tumour metastasis require collective cell motions(1-3), and to drive these motions cells exert traction forces on their surroundings(4). Current understanding emphasizes that these traction forces arise mainly in {\textquoteright}leader cells{\textquoteright} at the front edge of the advancing cell sheet(5-9). Our data are contrary to that assumption and show for the first time by direct measurement that traction forces driving collective cell migration arise predominately many cell rows behind the leading front edge and extend across enormous distances. Traction fluctuations are anomalous, moreover, exhibiting broad non-Gaussian distributions characterized by exponential tails(10-12). Taken together, these unexpected findings demonstrate that although the leader cell may have a pivotal role in local cell guidance, physical forces that it generates are but a small part of a global tug-of-war involving cells well back from the leading edge.},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys1269},
	author = {Trepat, Xavier and Wasserman, Michael R. and Angelini, Thomas E. and Millet, Emil and Weitz, David A and James P. Butler and Jeffrey J. Fredberg}
}
@article {155936,
	title = {A multi-color fast-switching microfluidic droplet dye laser},
	journal = {Lab on a Chip},
	volume = {9},
	number = {19},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {2767-2771},
	abstract = {We describe a multi-color microfluidic dye laser operating in whispering gallery mode based on a train of alternating droplets containing solutions of different dyes; this laser is capable of switching the wavelength of its emission between 580 nm and 680 nm at frequencies up to 3.6 kHz-the fastest among all dye lasers reported; it has potential applications in on-chip spectroscopy and flow cytometry.},
	url = {https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2009/LC/B914066B$\#$!divAbstract},
	author = {Tang, Sindy K. Y. and Li, Zhenyu and Abate, Adam R. and Agresti, Jeremy J. and Weitz, David A and Psaltis, Demetri and George M. Whitesides}
}
@article {155911,
	title = {Arrested coalescence of particle-coated droplets into nonspherical supracolloidal structures},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Chemistry B},
	volume = {113},
	number = {12},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {3914-3919},
	abstract = {Colloidal and supracolloidal structures with anisotropic shape and surface chemistry are potential building blocks for the fabrication of novel materials. Droplets or bubbles are often used as templates for the assembly of particles into supracolloidal structures of spherical shape. Particle-coated droplets or bubbles have recently been shown to also retain nonspherical geometries after deformation, suggesting that the templating approach can also be used to produce supracolloidal structures with anisotropic shape. We show that partially coated droplets generated in a microcapillary device can undergo spontaneous coalescence into stable nonspherical structures. By positioning the droplets into regular arrays before coalescence, we produce anisotropic geometries with well-defined bonding angles between adjacent merged droplets. This approach allows for the fabrication of novel anisotropic supracolloidal structures with deliberately designed shapes.},
	url = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jp806795c},
	author = {Studart, Andre R. and Shum, Ho Cheung and Weitz, David A}
}
@article {155831,
	title = {Double emulsion droplets as microreactors for synthesis of mesoporous hydroxyapatite},
	journal = {Chemistry of Materials},
	volume = {21},
	number = {22},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {5548-5555},
	abstract = {We introduce a novel approach for synthesizing mesoporous hydroxyapatite (HAp, (Ca)(10), (PO(4))(6)(OH)(2)) using double emulsion droplets as microreactors. By using capillary microfluidic techniques, the size and the geometry of the droplet microreactors can be tuned easily. Double emulsion droplets offer the combined advantages of both shielding the reactants and on-demand addition of reactants; this makes them highly versatile microreactors. Such droplet microreactors also enable simple visualization of the HAp formation process as well as control over the porosity in the HAp that is synthesized. Powder formed with our technique demonstrates a remarkable microstructure, as well as significantly enhanced BET specific average surface area and nanoscale porosity. Our results present a novel synthesis approach for controlling the nanoscale porosity and the morphology of inorganic particles using double emulsion droplets.},
	url = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm9028935},
	author = {Shum, Ho Cheung and Bandyopadhyay, Amit and Bose, Susmita and Weitz, David A}
}
@article {155791,
	title = {Janus supraparticles by induced phase separation of nanoparticles in droplets},
	journal = {Advanced Materials},
	volume = {21},
	number = {19},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1949-1953},
	abstract = {Biphasic Janus particles with a precisely tunable internal morphology are fabricated using a novel, versatile, and robust technique. This technique can be used in conjunction with microfluidics to produce monodisperse particles, or can be combined with bulk emulsification techniques to produce large quantities of particles.},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.200803115},
	author = {Shah, Rhutesh K. and Kim, Jin-Woong and Weitz, David A}
}
@article {155716,
	title = {Dropspots: A picoliter array in a microfluidic device},
	journal = {Lab on a Chip},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {44-49},
	abstract = {We present a simple microfluidic device that uses an array of well-defined chambers to immobilize thousands of femtoliter-to picoliter-scale aqueous drops suspended in inert carrier oil. This device enables timelapse studies of large numbers of individual drops, while simultaneously enabling subsequent drop recovery.},
	url = {https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2009/lc/b809670h$\#$!divAbstract},
	author = {Schmitz, Christian H. J. and Rowat, Amy C. and Koester, Sarah and Weitz, David A}
}
@article {155641,
	title = {Tracking lineages of single cells in lines using a microfluidic device},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {106},
	number = {43},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {18149-18154},
	abstract = {Cells within a genetically identical population exhibit phenotypic variation that in some cases can persist across multiple generations. However, information about the temporal variation and familial dependence of protein levels remains hidden when studying the population as an ensemble. To correlate phenotypes with the age and genealogy of single cells over time, we developed a microfluidic device that enables us to track multiple lineages in parallel by trapping single cells and constraining them to grow in lines for as many as 8 divisions. To illustrate the utility of this method, we investigate lineages of cells expressing one of 3 naturally regulated proteins, each with a different representative expression behavior. Within lineages deriving from single cells, we observe genealogically related clusters of cells with similar phenotype; cluster sizes vary markedly among the 3 proteins, suggesting that the time scale of phenotypic persistence is protein-specific. Growing lines of cells also allows us to dynamically track temporal fluctuations in protein levels at the same time as pedigree relationships among the cells as they divide in the chambers. We observe bursts in expression levels of the heat shock protein Hsp12-GFP that occur simultaneously in mother and daughter cells. In contrast, the ribosomal protein Rps8b-GFP shows relatively constant levels of expression over time. This method is an essential step toward understanding the time scales of phenotypic variation and correlations in phenotype among single cells within a population.},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/106/43/18149},
	author = {Rowat, Amy C. and Bird, James C. and Agresti, Jeremy J. and Rando, Oliver J. and Weitz, David A}
}
@article {155656,
	title = {Understanding epigenetic regulation: Tracking protein levels across multiple generations of cells},
	journal = {European Physical Journal-Special Topics},
	volume = {178},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {71-80},
	abstract = {Cells and organisms are remarkably robust: they alter the variety and levels of expressed genes and proteins in response to environmental stimuli, including temperature, chemicals, and the stiffness of their surroundings. Ultimately changes in gene and protein expression can result in a distinct phenotypic state, which in some cases is maintained over multiple generations; the ability to pass on a particular phenotypic state to progeny cells is critical for differentiation. Moreover, epigenetic regulation of phenotype is also thought to provide an evolutionary advantage for a population of cells adapting to a fluctuating environment on faster timescales than the occurrence of genetic mutations. However, simple methods to study patterns of gene and protein expression on multi-generational timescales are sparse. Here we describe a technique to study lineages of single cells over multiple generations using a microfluidic device; this reveals patterns of expression where protein levels are correlated across multiple generations. Such quantitative information of protein expression in the context of pedigree remains hidden when studying the population as an ensemble.},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140\%2Fepjst\%2Fe2010-01183-5},
	author = {Rowat, A. C. and Weitz, D. A.}
}
@article {155596,
	title = {Experimental observation of the crystallization of hard-sphere colloidal particles by sedimentation onto flat and patterned surfaces},
	journal = {Physical Review E},
	volume = {79},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {011403},
	abstract = {We present a confocal microscopy study of 1.55 mu m monodisperse silica hard spheres as they sediment and crystallize at the bottom wall of a container. If the particles sediment onto a feature less flat wall, the two bottom layers crystallize simultaneously and layerwise growth follows. If the wall is replaced by a hexagonal template, only layerwise growth occurs. Our results complement earlier numerical simulations and experiments on other colloidal systems.},
	url = {https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.79.011403},
	author = {Ramsteiner, I. B. and Jensen, K. E. and Weitz, D. A. and F. Spaepen}
}
@article {155491,
	title = {Short-time self-diffusion of nearly hard spheres at an oil-water interface},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	volume = {618},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {243-261},
	abstract = {Optical microscopy and multi-particle tracking are used to study hydrodynamic interactions of monodisperse polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) spheres at a decalin-water interface. The short-time self-diffusion coefficient measured at low surface coverage has the form D(S)(S)(n) = alpha D(0)(1 - beta n), where n is the area fraction Occupied by the particles, and Do is the Stokes-Einstein diffusion coefficient in the bulk suspension of PMMA spheres in decalin. The measured values of a are found to be in good agreement with the numerical calculation for the drag coefficient of interfacial particles. The measured values of P differ from that obtained for bulk suspensions, indicating that hydrodynamic interactions between the particles have interesting new features at the interface.},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/abs/shorttime-selfdiffusion-of-nearly-hard-spheres-at-an-oilwater-interface/6EBB58ABBF8BBB14A78F896C1DA8664D},
	author = {Peng, Y. and Chen, W. and Fischer, Th M. and Weitz, D. A. and Tong, P.}
}
@article {155371,
	title = {Molecular basis of filamin A-FilGAP interaction and its impairment in congenital disorders associated with filamin A mutations},
	journal = {Plos One},
	volume = {4},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	abstract = {Background: Mutations in filamin A (FLNa), an essential cytoskeletal protein with multiple binding partners, cause developmental anomalies in humans. Methodology/Principal Findings: We determined the structure of the 23(rd) Ig repeat of FLNa (IgFLNa23) that interacts with FilGAP, a Rac-specific GTPase-activating protein and regulator of cell polarity and movement, and the effect of the three disease-related mutations on this interaction. A combination of NMR structural analysis and in silico modeling revealed the structural interface details between the C and D beta-strands of the IgFLNa23 and the C-terminal 32 residues of FilGAP. Mutagenesis of the predicted key interface residues confirmed the binding constraints between the two proteins. Specific loss-of-function FLNa constructs were generated and used to analyze the importance of the FLNa-FilGAP interaction in vivo. Point mutagenesis revealed that disruption of the FLNa-FilGAP interface perturbs cell spreading. FilGAP does not bind FLNa homologs FLNb or FLNc establishing the importance of this interaction to the human FLNa mutations. Tight complex formation requires dimerization of both partners and the correct alignment of the binding surfaces, which is promoted by a flexible hinge domain between repeats 23 and 24 of FLNa. FLNa mutations associated with human developmental anomalies disrupt the binding interaction and weaken the elasticity of FLNa/F-actin network under high mechanical stress. Conclusions/Significance: Mutational analysis informed by structure can generate reagents for probing specific cellular interactions of FLNa. Disease-related FLNa mutations have demonstrable effects on FLNa function.},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0004928},
	author = {Nakamura, Fumihiko and Heikkinen, Outi and Pentikaeinen, Olli T. and Osborn, Teresia M. and Kasza, Karen E. and Weitz, David A and Kupiainen, Olga and Permi, Perttu and Kilpelaeinen, Ilkka and Ylaenne, Jari and Hartwig, John H and Stossel, Thomas P}
}
@article {155301,
	title = {Soft colloids make strong glasses},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {462},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {83-86},
	abstract = {Glass formation in colloidal suspensions has many of the hallmarks of glass formation in molecular materials(1-5). For hard-sphere colloids, which interact only as a result of excluded volume, phase behaviour is controlled by volume fraction, phi; an increase in phi drives the system towards its glassy state, analogously to a decrease in temperature, T, in molecular systems. When phi increases above phi* approximate to 0.53, the viscosity starts to increase significantly, and the system eventually moves out of equilibrium at the glass transition, phi(g) approximate to 0.58, where particle crowding greatly restricts structural relaxation(1-4). The large particle size makes it possible to study both structure and dynamics with light scattering(1) and imaging(3,4); colloidal suspensions have therefore provided considerable insight into the glass transition. However, hard-sphere colloidal suspensions do not exhibit the same diversity of behaviour as molecular glasses. This is highlighted by the wide variation in behaviour observed for the viscosity or structural relaxation time, tau(alpha), when the glassy state is approached in supercooled molecular liquids(5). This variation is characterized by the unifying concept of fragility(5), which has spurred the search for a {\textquoteright}universal{\textquoteright} description of dynamic arrest in glass-forming liquids. For {\textquoteright}fragile{\textquoteright} liquids, tau(alpha) is highly sensitive to changes in T, whereas non-fragile, or {\textquoteright}strong{\textquoteright}, liquids show a much lower T sensitivity. In contrast, hard-sphere colloidal suspensions are restricted to fragile behaviour, as determined by their phi dependence(1,6), ultimately limiting their utility in the study of the glass transition. Here we show that deformable colloidal particles, when studied through their concentration dependence at fixed temperature, do exhibit the same variation in fragility as that observed in the T dependence of molecular liquids at fixed volume. Their fragility is dictated by elastic properties on the scale of individual colloidal particles. Furthermore, we find an equivalent effect in molecular systems, where elasticity directly reflects fragility. Colloidal suspensions may thus provide new insight into glass formation in molecular systems.},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08457},
	author = {Mattsson, Johan and Wyss, Hans M. and Fernandez-Nieves, Alberto and Miyazaki, Kunimasa and Hu, Zhibing and Reichman, David R. and Weitz, David A}
}
@article {155021,
	title = {Gravitational compression of colloidal gels},
	journal = {European Physical Journal E},
	volume = {28},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {159-164},
	abstract = {We study the compression of depletion gels under the influence of a gravitational stress by monitoring the time evolution of the gel interface and the local volume fraction, phi, inside the gel. We find f is not constant throughout the gel. Instead, there is a volume fraction gradient that develops and grows along the gel height as the compression process proceeds. Our results are correctly described by a non-linear poroelastic model that explicitly incorporates the phi-dependence of the gravitational, elastic and viscous stresses acting on the gel.},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140\%2Fepje\%2Fi2008-10390-7},
	author = {Lietor-Santos, J. J. and Kim, C. and Lu, P. J. and Fernandez-Nieves, A. and Weitz, D. A.}
}
@article {155001,
	title = {Nonspherical colloidosomes with multiple compartments from double emulsions},
	journal = {Small},
	volume = {5},
	number = {17},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1932-1935},
	abstract = {
	Nonspherical colloidosomes\&nbsp;with multiple compartments are generated using water-in-oil-in-water double emulsions with controlled morphology as templates (see image). Double emulsions are prepared using a glass capillary microfluidic device that provides a precise means to control the number of internal aqueous droplets and the volume ratio of oil and aqueous phases.

},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/smll.200900357},
	author = {Lee, Daeyeon and Weitz, David A}
}
@article {154991,
	title = {Permeability of model stratum corneum lipid membrane measured using quartz crystal microbalance},
	journal = {Langmuir},
	volume = {25},
	number = {10},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {5762-5766},
	abstract = {The stratum corneum (SC) is the outermost layer of the epidermis. Stacked intercellular lipid membranes found in the SC play a crucial role in regulating water transport through the skin. Despite the importance of this role of the SC lipid membranes, only a few studies have presented quantitative methods to measure the permeability of water in SC lipid membranes. In this work, we present a new method to determine the water permeability of a model SC lipid membrane using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). We investigate a model SC lipid membrane comprising an equimolar mixture of brain ceramide (CER), cholesterol (CHO), and palmitic acid (PA), and use QCM to determine the diffusivity (D), solubility (S.) and permeability (P) of water vapor in the model SC lipid membrane.},
	url = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la804105t},
	author = {Lee, Daeyeon and Ashcraft, J. Nathan and Verploegen, Eric and Pashkovski, Eugene and Weitz, David A}
}
@article {154981,
	title = {Viscoelastic properties of oxide-coated liquid metals},
	journal = {Journal of Rheology},
	volume = {53},
	number = {6},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1305-1326},
	abstract = {Many liquid metals exposed to air develop an oxide film on their outer surface. This film is sufficiently solid-like to provide mechanical stability to small liquid metal droplets, yet weak enough to allow the droplets to be malleable. These properties are useful in both micro-electronics and microfluidics; however, little is known about how to characterize them. Here we probe the elastic, yielding, and relaxation properties of oxide-coated gallium and eutectic gallium indium using a rheometer equipped with a parallel-plate geometry. By using parallel plates of different size, we show that surface stresses dominate bulk stresses. These experiments also demonstrate that the apparent elastic properties of the oxide film are highly sensitive to its strain history. Moreover, the apparent elasticity is sensitive to the stresses stored in the oxide skin. We probe these stresses and their time-dependence, with both torque and normal force measurements. We also characterize the time-dependence of the elasticity by observing free vibrations of the rheometer. We rationalize the strain history and time-dependence in terms of oxidation and show that despite this dependence, reproducible elasticity measurements can be obtained due to the ability of shear to produce a state that is independent of the strain history. (C) 2009 The Society of Rheology. [DOI: 10.1122/1.3236517]},
	url = {https://sor.scitation.org/doi/10.1122/1.3236517},
	author = {Larsen, RyanJ. and Dickey, Michael D. and George M. Whitesides and Weitz, David A}
}
@article {154906,
	title = {An active biopolymer network controlled by molecular motors},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {106},
	number = {36},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {15192-15197},
	abstract = {We describe an active polymer network in which processive molecular motors control network elasticity. This system consists of actin filaments cross-linked by filamin A (FLNa) and contracted by bipolar filaments of muscle myosin II. The myosin motors stiffen the network by more than two orders of magnitude by pulling on actin filaments anchored in the network by FLNa cross-links, thereby generating internal stress. The stiffening response closely mimics the effects of external stress applied by mechanical shear. Both internal and external stresses can drive the network into a highly nonlinear, stiffened regime. The active stress reaches values that are equivalent to an external stress of 14 Pa, consistent with a 1-pN force per myosin head. This active network mimics many mechanical properties of cells and suggests that adherent cells exert mechanical control by operating in a nonlinear regime where cell stiffness is sensitive to changes in motor activity. This design principle may be applicable to engineering novel biologically inspired, active materials that adjust their own stiffness by internal catalytic control.},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/106/36/15192},
	author = {Koenderink, Gijsje H and Dogic, Zvonimir and Nakamura, Fumihiko and Bendix, Poul M and MacKintosh, Frederick C and Hartwig, John H and Stossel, Thomas P and Weitz, David A}
}
@article {154916,
	title = {Influence of internal capsid pressure on viral infection by phage lambda},
	journal = {Biophysical Journal},
	volume = {97},
	number = {6},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1525-1529},
	abstract = {Ejection of the genome from the virus, phage, is the initial step in the infection of its host bacterium. In vitro, the ejection depends sensitively on internal pressure within the virus capsid; however, the in vivo effect of internal pressure on infection of bacteria is unknown. Here, we use microfluidics to monitor individual cells and determine the temporal distribution of lysis due to infection as the capsid pressure is varied. The lysis probability decreases markedly with decreased capsid pressure. Of interest, the average lysis times remain the same but the distribution is broadened as the pressure is lowered.},
	url = {https://www.cell.com/biophysj/fulltext/S0006-3495(09)01227-2},
	author = {Koester, Sarah and Evilevitch, Alex and Jeembaeva, Meerim and Weitz, David A}
}
@article {154796,
	title = {Filamin A is essential for active cell stiffening but not passive stiffening under external force},
	journal = {Biophysical Journal},
	volume = {96},
	number = {10},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {4326-4335},
	abstract = {The material properties of a cell determine how mechanical forces are transmitted through and sensed by that cell. Some types of cells stiffen passively under large external forces, but they can also alter their own stiffness in response to the local mechanical environment or biochemical cues. Here we show that the actin-binding protein filamin A is essential for the active stiffening of cells plated on collagen-coated substrates. This appears to be due to a diminished capability to build up large internal contractile stresses in the absence of filamin A. To show this, we compare the material properties and contractility of two human melanoma cell lines that differ in filamin A expression. The filamin A-deficient M2 cells are softer than the filamin A-replete A7 cells, and exert much smaller contractile stresses on the substratum, even though the M2 cells have similar levels of phosphorylated myosin 11 light chain and only somewhat diminished adhesion strength. In contrast to A7 cells, the stiffness and contractility of M2 cells are insensitive to either myosin-inhibiting drugs or the stiffness of the substratum. Surprisingly, however, filamin A is not required for passive stiffening under large external forces.},
	url = {https://www.cell.com/biophysj/fulltext/S0006-3495(09)00594-3},
	author = {Kasza, K. E. and Nakamura, F. and Hu, S. and Kollmannsberger, P. and Bonakdar, N. and Fabry, B. and Stossel, T. P. and Wang, N. and Weitz, D. A.}
}
@article {154791,
	title = {Nonlinear elasticity of stiff biopolymers connected by flexible linkers},
	journal = {Physical Review E},
	volume = {79},
	number = {4},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {041928},
	abstract = {Networks of the biopolymer actin, cross-linked by the compliant protein filamin, form soft gels. They can, however, withstand large shear stresses due to their pronounced nonlinear elastic behavior. The nonlinear elasticity can be controlled by varying the number of cross-links per actin filament. We propose and test a model of rigid filaments decorated by multiple flexible linkers that is in quantitative agreement with experiment. This allows us to estimate loads on individual cross-links, which we find to be less than 10 pN.},
	url = {https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.79.041928},
	author = {Kasza, K. E. and Koenderink, G. H. and Lin, Y. C. and Broedersz, C. P. and Messner, W. and Nakamura, F. and Stossel, T. P. and MacKintosh, F. C. and Weitz, D. A.}
}
@article {154721,
	title = {Microwave dielectric heating of drops in microfluidic devices},
	journal = {Lab on a Chip},
	volume = {9},
	number = {12},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1701-1706},
	abstract = {We present a technique to locally and rapidly heat water drops in microfluidic devices with microwave dielectric heating. Water absorbs microwave power more efficiently than polymers, glass, and oils due to its permanent molecular dipole moment that has large dielectric loss at GHz frequencies. The relevant heat capacity of the system is a single thermally isolated picolitre-scale drop of water, enabling very fast thermal cycling. We demonstrate microwave dielectric heating in a microfluidic device that integrates a flow-focusing drop maker, drop splitters, and metal electrodes to locally deliver microwave power from an inexpensive, commercially available 3.0 GHz source and amplifier. The temperature change of the drops is measured by observing the temperature dependent fluorescence intensity of cadmium selenide nanocrystals suspended in the water drops. We demonstrate characteristic heating times as short as 15 ms to steady-state temperature changes as large as 30 degrees C above the base temperature of the microfluidic device. Many common biological and chemical applications require rapid and local control of temperature and can benefit from this new technique.},
	url = {https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2009/LC/b822357b$\#$!divAbstract},
	author = {Issadore, David and Humphry, Katherine J. and Brown, Keith A. and Sandberg, Lori and Weitz, David A and Robert M. Westervelt}
}
@article {154706,
	title = {Suppression of instabilities in multiphase flow by geometric confinement},
	journal = {Physical Review E},
	volume = {79},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {056310},
	abstract = {We investigate the effect of confinement on drop formation in microfluidic devices. The presence or absence of drop formation is studied for two immiscible coflowing liquids in a microfluidic channel, where the channel width is considerably larger than the channel height. We show that stability of the inner fluid thread depends on the channel geometry: when the width of the inner fluid is comparable to or larger than the channel height, hydrodynamic instabilities are suppressed, and a stable jet that does not break into drops results; otherwise, the inner fluid breaks into drops, in either a dripping or jetting regime. We present a model that accounts for the data and experimentally exploit this effect of geometric confinement to induce the breakup of a jet at a spatially defined location.},
	url = {https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.79.056310},
	author = {Humphry, Katherine J. and Ajdari, Armand and Fernandez-Nieves, Alberto and Stone, Howard A. and Weitz, David A}
}
@article {154636,
	title = {Diffusion through colloidal shells under stress},
	journal = {Physical Review E},
	volume = {79},
	number = {6},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {060402},
	abstract = {The permeability of solids has long been associated with a diffusive process involving activated mechanism as originally envisioned by Eyring. Tensile stress can affect the activation energy but definitive experiments of the diffusion rate of species through a stressed solid are lacking. Here we use core-shell (liquid core-solid shell) colloidal particles that are sensitive to osmotic pressure to follow the permeation of encapsulated probes at various stresses. We unambiguously show that the tensile stress applied on colloidal shells linearly reduces the local energy barrier for diffusion.},
	url = {https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.79.060402},
	author = {Guery, J. and Baudry, J. and Weitz, D. A. and Chaikin, P. M. and Bibette, J.}
}
@article {154451,
	title = {Magneto-mechanical mixing and manipulation of picoliter volumes in vesicles},
	journal = {Lab on a Chip},
	volume = {9},
	number = {19},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {2831-2835},
	abstract = {Superparamagnetic beads in giant unilamellar vesicles are used to facilitate magnetic manipulation, positioning, agitation and mixing of ultrasmall liquid volumes. Vesicles act as leakproof picoliter reaction vessels in an aqueous bulk solution and can be deliberately conveyed by an external magnetic field to a designated position. Upon application of an external magnetic field the beads align to form extended chains. In a rotating magnetic field chains break up into smaller fragments caused by the interplay of viscous friction and magnetic attraction. This process obeys a simple relationship and can be exploited to enhance mixing of the vesicle content and the outer solution or adjacent vesicle volumes exactly at the position of release.},
	url = {https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2009/lc/b906569p$\#$!divAbstract},
	author = {Franke, Thomas and Schmid, Lothar and Weitz, David A and Wixforth, Achim}
}
@article {154441,
	title = {Surface acoustic wave (SAW) directed droplet flow in microfluidics for PDMS devices},
	journal = {Lab on a Chip},
	volume = {9},
	number = {18},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {2625-2627},
	abstract = {We direct the motion of droplets in microfluidic channels using a surface acoustic wave device. This method allows individual drops to be directed along separate microchannel paths at high volume flow rates, which is useful for droplet sorting.},
	url = {https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2009/lc/b906819h$\#$!divAbstract},
	author = {Franke, Thomas and Abate, Adam R. and Weitz, David A and Wixforth, Achim}
}
@article {154381,
	title = {Electrodes on a budget: Micropatterned electrode fabrication by wet chemical deposition},
	journal = {Biomicrofluidics},
	volume = {3},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {034104},
	abstract = {Precise patterning of metals is required for diverse microfluidic and microelectro-mechanical system (MEMS) applications ranging from the separation of proteins to the manipulation of single cells and drops of water-in-oil emulsions. Here we present a very simple, inexpensive method for fabricating micropatterned electrodes. We deposit a thin metal layer of controlled thickness using wet chemistry, thus eliminating the need for expensive equipment typically required for metal deposition. We demonstrate that the resulting deposited metal can be used to fabricate functional electrodes: The wet-deposited metal film can sustain patterning by photolithography down to micron-sized features required for MEMS and microfluidic applications, and its properties are suitable for operative electrodes used in a wide range of microfluidic applications for biological studies. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3224669]},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.3224669},
	author = {Ebina, Wataru and Rowat, Amy C. and Weitz, David A}
}
@article {154391,
	title = {Nucleation and solidification in static arrays of monodisperse drops},
	journal = {Lab on a Chip},
	volume = {9},
	number = {13},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1859-1865},
	abstract = {The precise measurement of nucleation and non-equilibrium solidification are vital to fields as diverse as atmospheric science, food processing, cryopreservation and metallurgy. The emulsion technique, where the phase under study is partitioned into many droplets suspended within an immiscible continuous phase, is a powerful method for uncovering rates of nucleation and dynamics of phase changes as it isolates nucleation events to single droplets. However, averaging the behavior of many drops in a bulk emulsion leads to the loss of any drop-specific information, and drop polydispersity clouds the analysis. Here we adapt a microfluidic technique for trapping monodisperse drops in planar arrays to characterize solidification of highly supercooled aqueous solutions of glycerol. This system measured rates of nucleation between 10(-5) and 10(-2) pL(-1) s(-1), yielded an ice-water interfacial energy of 33.4 mJ m(-2) between -38 and -35 degrees C, and enabled the specific dynamics of solidification to be observed for over a hundred drops in parallel without any loss of specificity. In addition to the physical insights gained, the ability to observe the time and temperature of nucleation and subsequent growth of the solid phase in static arrays of uniform drops provides a powerful tool to discover thermodynamic protocols that generate desirable crystal structures.},
	url = {https://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/LC/2009/B821785H$\#$!divAbstract},
	author = {Jon F. Edd and Humphry, Katherine J. and Irimia, Daniel and Weitz, David A and Toner, Mehmet}
}
@article {154116,
	title = {Janus particles templated from double emulsion droplets generated using mcrofluidics},
	journal = {Langmuir},
	volume = {25},
	number = {8},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {4320-4323},
	abstract = {We present a simple microfluidics-based technique to fabricate Janus particles using double-emulsion droplets as templates. Since each half of the particles is templated from a different immiscible fluid, this method enables the formation of particles from two materials with vastly different properties. The use of microfluidics affords excellent control over the size, morphology, and monodispersity of the particles.},
	url = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la900240y},
	author = {Chen, Chia-Hung and Shah, Rhutesh K. and Abate, Adam R. and Weitz, David A}
}
@article {154066,
	title = {Intracellular transport by active diffusion},
	journal = {Trends in Cell Biology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {9},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {423-427},
	abstract = {All substances exhibit constant random motion at the microscopic scale. This is a direct consequence of thermal agitation, and leads to diffusion of molecules and small particles in a liquid. In addition to this nondirected motion, living cells also use active transport mechanisms, such as motor activity and polymerization forces that depend on linear biopolymers and are therefore fundamentally directed in nature. Nevertheless, it has become increasingly clear that such active processes can also drive significant random fluctuations that can appear surprisingly like thermal diffusion of particles, but faster. Here, we discuss recent progress in quantifying this behavior and identifying its origins and consequences. We suggest that it represents an important and biologically tunable mechanism for transport in living cells.},
	url = {https://www.cell.com/trends/cell-biology/fulltext/S0962-8924(09)00135-4?_returnURL=https\%3A\%2F\%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com\%2Fretrieve\%2Fpii\%2FS0962892409001354\%3Fshowall\%3Dtrue},
	author = {Brangwynne, Clifford P and Koenderink, Gijsje H and MacKintosh, Frederick C and Weitz, David A}
}
@article {154111,
	title = {Microfluidic assembly of magnetic hydrogel particles with uniformly anisotropic structure},
	journal = {Advanced Materials},
	volume = {21},
	number = {31},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {3201-3204},
	abstract = {Monodisperse magnetic particles are templated from double emulsions formed using sequential flow-focus drop formation. The microfluidic drop formation allows the particles to be formed with high monodispersity and with consistently anisotropic internal structure. This structural anisotropy gives rise to magnetic anisotropy, allowing the particles to be rotated by a magnetic field.},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.200900499},
	author = {Chen, Chia-Hung and Abate, Adam R. and Lee, Daeyeon and Terentjev, Eugene M. and Weitz, David A}
}
@article {153976,
	title = {Bacillus subtilis spreads by surfing on waves of surfactant},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {106},
	number = {43},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {18109-18113},
	abstract = {The bacterium Bacillus subtilis produces the molecule surfactin, which is known to enhance the spreading of multicellular colonies on nutrient substrates by lowering the surface tension of the surrounding fluid, and to aid in the formation of aerial structures. Here we present experiments and a mathematical model that demonstrate how the differential accumulation rates induced by the geometry of the bacterial film give rise to surfactant waves. The spreading flux increases with increasing biofilm viscosity. Community associations are known to protect bacterial populations from environmental challenges such as predation, heat, or chemical stresses, and enable digestion of a broader range of nutritive sources. This study provides evidence of enhanced dispersal through cooperative motility, and points to nonintuitive methods for controlling the spread of biofilms.},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/106/43/18109},
	author = {Angelini, Thomas E. and Roper, Marcus and Kolter, Roberto and Weitz, David A and Michael P. Brenner}
}
@article {154011,
	title = {Fluorescence-activated droplet sorting (FADS): Efficient microfluidic cell sorting based on enzymatic activity},
	journal = {Lab on a Chip},
	volume = {9},
	number = {13},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1850-1858},
	abstract = {We describe a highly efficient microfluidic fluorescence-activated droplet sorter (FADS) combining many of the advantages of microtitre-plate screening and traditional fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Single cells are compartmentalized in emulsion droplets, which can be sorted using dielectrophoresis in a fluorescence-activated manner (as in FACS) at rates up to 2000 droplets s(-1). To validate the system, mixtures of E. coli cells, expressing either the reporter enzyme beta-galactosidase or an inactive variant, were compartmentalized with a fluorogenic substrate and sorted at rates of similar to 300 droplets s(-1). The false positive error rate of the sorter at this throughput was \&lt; 1 in 10(4) droplets. Analysis of the sorted cells revealed that the primary limit to enrichment was the co-encapsulation of E. coli cells, not sorting errors: a theoretical model based on the Poisson distribution accurately predicted the observed enrichment values using the starting cell density (cells per droplet) and the ratio of active to inactive cells. When the cells were encapsulated at low density (similar to 1 cell for every 50 droplets), sorting was very efficient and all of the recovered cells were the active strain. In addition, single active droplets were sorted and cells were successfully recovered.},
	url = {https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2009/lc/b902504a$\#$!divAbstract},
	author = {Baret, Jean-Christophe and Miller, Oliver J. and Taly, Valerie and Ryckelynck, Michael and El-Harrak, Abdeslam and Frenz, Lucas and Rick, Christian and Samuels, Michael L. and Hutchison, J. Brian and Agresti, Jeremy J. and Link, Darren R. and Weitz, David A and Griffiths, Andrew D.}
}
@article {153891,
	title = {High-order multiple emulsions formed in poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidics},
	journal = {Small},
	volume = {5},
	number = {18},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {2030-2032},
	abstract = {
	Multiple emulsions\&nbsp;are formed using poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic devices. The single emulsions (see image, left) are formed using a single drop maker with uniform wettability. The double, triple, quadruple, and quintuple emulsions (right) are formed using linear sequences of drop makers with alternating wettability.

},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/smll.200900569},
	author = {A. R. Abate and Weitz, D. A.}
}
@article {153866,
	title = {Valve-based flow focusing for drop formation},
	journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
	volume = {94},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {023503},
	abstract = {Microfluidic devices can produce highly monodisperse drops at kilohertz rates using flow-focus drop formation. We use single-layer membrane valves to control, in real time, the dimensions of the flow-focus drop makers. This allows drop size and frequency to be controlled in real time and without adjusting flow rates.},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.3067862},
	author = {Abate, Adam R. and Romanowsky, Mark B. and Agresti, Jeremy J. and Weitz, David A}
}
@article {153821,
	title = {Beating Poisson encapsulation statistics using close-packed ordering},
	journal = {Lab on a Chip},
	volume = {9},
	number = {18},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {2628-2631},
	abstract = {Loading drops with discrete objects, such as particles and cells, is often necessary when performing chemical and biological assays in microfluidic devices. However, random loading techniques are inefficient, yielding a majority of empty and unusable drops. We use deformable particles that are close packed to insert a controllable number of particles into every drop. This provides a simple, flexible means of efficiently encapsulating a controllable number of particles per drop.},
	url = {https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2009/lc/b909386a$\#$!divAbstract},
	author = {Abate, Adam R. and Chen, Chia-Hung and Agresti, Jeremy J. and Weitz, David A}
}
@article {153861,
	title = {Impact of inlet channel geometry on microfluidic drop formation},
	journal = {Physical Review E},
	volume = {80},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {026310},
	abstract = {We study the impact of inlet channel geometry on microfluidic drop formation. We show that drop makers with T-junction style inlets form monodisperse emulsions at low and moderate capillary numbers and those with Flow-Focus style inlets do so at moderate and high capillary numbers. At low and moderate capillary number, drop formation is dominated by interfacial forces and mediated by the confinement of the microchannels; drop size as a function of flow-rate ratio follows a simple functional form based on a blocking-squeezing mechanism. We summarize the stability of the drop makers with different inlet channel geometry in the form of a phase diagram as a function of capillary number and flow-rate ratio.},
	url = {https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.80.026310},
	author = {A. R. Abate and Poitzsch, A. and Hwang, Y. and Lee, J. and Czerwinska, J. and Weitz, D. A.}
}
@article {155181,
	title = {Orders-of-magnitude performance increases in GPU-accelerated correlation of images from the International Space Station},
	journal = {J Real-Time Image Proc},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {179-193},
	abstract = {
	We implement image correlation, a fundamental component of many real-time imaging and tracking systems, on a graphics processing unit (GPU) using NVI-DIA{\textquoteright}s CUDA platform. We use our code to analyze images of liquid-gas phase separation in a model colloid-polymer system, photographed in the absence of gravity aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Our GPU code is 4,000 times faster than simple MATLAB code performing the same calculation on a central processing unit (CPU), 130 times faster than simple C code, and 30 times faster than optimized C++ code using single-instruction, multiple-data (SIMD) extensions. The speed increases from these parallel algorithms enable us to analyze images downlinked from the ISS in a rapid fashion and send feedback to astronauts on orbit while the experiments are still being run.

},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11554-009-0133-1},
	author = {Lu, Peter J. and Oki, Hidekazu and Frey, Catherine A. and Chamitoff, Gregory E. and Chiao, Leroy and Fincke, Edward M. and Foale, C. Michael and Magnus, Sandra H. and McArthur, William S., Jr. and Tani, Daniel M. and Whitson, Peggy A. and Williams, Jeffrey N. and Meyer, William V. and Sicker, Ronald J. and Au, Brion J. and Christiansen, Mark and Schofield, Andrew B. and Weitz, David A}
}
